Roman Terms Covering Politics, Law, War, and Lifestyle

The Ancient Roman Republic lasted from 509 BCE to 27 BCE, and was followed by the Ancient Roman Empire which existed from 27 BCE to 669 CE. While already boasting a lengthy rule, the Romans influence continued to shape all aspects of society for centuries after. Roman civilization made its mark on Elizabethan literature by inspiring Shakespeares seminal play, Julius Caesar. The iconic Colosseum in Rome is a staple case study in architecture studies and influenced many similar structures, especially sports stadiums. The Roman Republic, and even the Roman Empire with its Senate legislature, is often referred to as the building blocks of modern democracy. And its ruling over diverse lands and its trade with Asia via the Silk Road inevitably established cross-cultural exchanges that continue to today. These terms cover a variety of topics, ranging from names of battles to significant architecture, from geographical features to an explanation of cultural rituals. Hopefully, this extensive list will be intriguing for any history buff or Ancient Rome enthusiast.   Battles  and Warfare Rome was imperialism personified, and the Romans kept blow by blow records of many of the important battles that sealed that definition. Many Roman battles and battle plans are still cited as ideals by recent military tacticians and teachers in military academies. ActiumBattle of CarrhaeBattle of Milvian BridgeBattle of PharsalusCatapultCohort  Gergovia BattleMacedonian WarsMorbihan Gulf BattleRubiconSeleucidsSocial WarVercingetorix Politics and Law Politics played a vital role in Roman society. The passion plays in the Senate and the struggles for power among generals, kings, and emperors provide us a great deal of historical precedent for our society today. Comitia CenturiataConstitutio Antoniniana (Edict of Caracalla)ConsulCuriaCurule AedileCursus HonorumEdict of CaracallaForumInterregnumOptimatesPax RomanaPlebiscitumPlebeiansPraetorsSenatorsTarpeian RockTetrarchyTribuneTriumvirate Architecture   Rome built some of the finest civic architecture, both as public displays but also as functional works, aqueducts and other structures still standing today.   AqueductsCloaca Maxima  ColosseumForumInsulaRegionariesTemplum Lifestyle   What do you know of these terms related to social mores and traditions, music, and foods of Roman society? A.D.  and B.C.AgonaliaBacchanalia  ConfarreatioCornucopiaFabula TogataFescenine VerseGarum (Roman Fish Sauce)HedonismJulian CalendarLudiLudi ApollinaresLudi FloralesPater Familias  PraetextataPrandiumSalutatioTogaTria Nomina Geography At its height, the Roman Empire stretched over much of Europe; do you know these points of geographic interest?   ​7 Hills of RomeAlba LongaAntonine WallAppian WayBoiiGallia /GaulHadrians WallHispaniaMt. VesuviusPraefecturesVesuvius Religion   Roman religion changed over the centuries, and it includes Roman gods and goddesses, but also the influence of religion, and religious specialists.   Abundantia  Fides  FlamenJulian the ApostateMaiaMonkNicene CreedPersecutionsPervigiliumPontifex MaximusPriapusRegiaRex Sacrificulus  Sibyl People Do you know who these important persons were to the history of the Roman Empire?   7 Kings of RomeAugustusCaligula  ClaudiusConstantineCurtius (Lacus Curtius)Historia AugustaJulius CaesarJustinianNero  Pontius PilateScaevolaScipionic Circle

Ortho, Meta, and Para in Organic Chemistry

European Exploration and Trade Free Essays

There was once a time in our history, before computerized maps and satellites and tracking programs. Sailors had to guide themselves by the stars and very basic and inaccurate maps. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Europe there was advancement in technology and learning that led to widespread exploration and trade among countries. We will write a custom essay sample on European Exploration and Trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now The introduction of the compass, advancements in cartography, the printing press, and other inventions led to increased trade and exploration throughout Europe. Before the fifteenth century, sailors often didn’t venture far from what they knew because maps were extremely inaccurate and weather was unpredictable. In the fourteenth century a style of maps, called portolon charts, were introduced. These were pictures of harbors, ports, cities, and coastlines inscribed on sheepskin. These maps were valuable to the merchant and traders between cities, but to the explorer changing continents they were basically useless. The compass was also a major improvement to previous methods. Before this invention, sailors used the stars to navigate and stay on their somewhat planned course. However, during the day they were at a loss. When the compass was invented, it allowed sailors to know their bearing all the time. People soon learned to notice and pay more attention to weather patterns while sailing. They discovered the trade winds among the seas and noted where they were in relation to each other and what their effects on shipping were. The winds caused either a faster and smoother trip or a longer and rougher voyage, depending on the direction of the ship and the wind involved. This was an advancement to previous methods because they now knew what to expect and prepare for instead of guessing or being surprised. They could also plan routes and try new routes. This led to a period of time called the Age of Sail. The printing press was one of the biggest and most important inventions of this time period. Before, literature and documents were scarce and not very common. After the printing press was introduced, literary works and various types of documents were more available to the common person. This encouraged people to become more educated because they now had the means to do it. The printing press also had an effect on cartography. Because maps had to be either inscribed or drawn, they were rare and not very public. After the printing press, maps were able to be duplicated and shared with other cartographers. In doing this, they could compare their maps with other peoples and create a newer and more accurate representation of the land and sea. This caused people to become more sure and trusting of these maps, making them venture out further than they had before, thus increasing trade. The design and size of ships were also changing during this time. The Europeans began to incorporate the methods of other countries, such as China, into their own shipbuilding process. One change was the multiple sails on the ship which allowed for better upwind travel. The all-in-one rudder was also a major improvement because it allowed for easier and faster steering and better control and stability of the keel. All in all, various changes and improvements occurred during this time. Inventions and improvements such as map making, compasses, understanding of weather patterns, and the printing press were all factors in the increase in exploration and trade in Europe. How to cite European Exploration and Trade, Essay examples

Islamic Finance in Australia Global Market

Question: Describe about the Islamic Finance in Australia for Global Market. Answer: Introduction Islamic Financial System has earned an excellent image in the global market due to its innovative products and services. The global Islamic finance market is estimated to grow up to US$ 2.6 trillion by the end of 2017. Hence, the demands for Islamic Financial products are increasing all across the globe (Mollah Zaman, 2015). Though Australia has a minimum Muslim population of 2 percent, the market has a real potential to expand into the Islamic Finance. Hence, the paper has been developed to conduct a theoretical analysis and market research to observe the possibilities of growth for Islamic Finance in the Australian market. Report Background The primary purpose of the report is to analyse the potentials for Islamic finance in the Australian market. The study has been conducted to examine the literature critically on Islamic finance and explain the role of Islamic corporate governance and Islamic financial products in the development of the financial market of Australia. Hence, the paper will present a critical evaluation of the financial services companies that operates in the Australian market under the Islamic corporate governance model and offers Islamic Financial products to the customers. It will help to analyse the demand for Islamic financial products and observe the potential to grow in the Australian market. The data has been collected through secondary sources such as articles, journals, books, company and government reports, and internet sources to conduct the literature review in the context of the whole world. On the other hand, a critical evaluation has been presented in context to the Australian market in the discussion and analysis section (Rini, 2014). The primary limitation of the research is the second handed information that can be minimised by conducting a research survey to increase the reliability and efficiency of the study. Literature review Through the identification of corporate governance models and Islamic corporate governance, the role of the Sharia committee has been presented to understand the existing status of global Islamic finance market. Corporate governance models The corporate governance structure of a country has played a massive part in determining significant factors such as the legal and regulatory framework including the rights and accountability of each element associated with it. Meanwhile, there are three identified corporate governance models such as the Anglo-US model, the Japanese model, and the German model that have been utilised to control the capital market structure in developed countries (Hashim, Mahadi, Amran, 2015). The Anglo-US Model: The Anglo-US model has been characterised by individual share ownership, a well-established legal framework determining the significant rights and accountabilities towards shareholders, organisational management and directors and the outside shareholders not associated with the organisation. The specific model has included three major players to manage the open market operations in the developed countries. Moreover, the share ownership pattern has got its influence on the organisation as an increase in ownership can result in the increase in the influence (Abu-Tapanjeh, 2009). On the basis of ownership increment, specific regulatory changes have been triggered to facilitate the corporate governance tactics. The Japanese Model: The Japanese model has been identified by a premium level of stock ownership by associated organisations and banking corporations. Also, substantial public policy, legal framework and industrial proposition have provided significant connection to the financial banking systems and the corporations to create a trading relationship among industrial groups (Alam Choudhury Nurul Alam, 2013). Such corporate governance model has got a central banking corporation at the centre stage and a financial network around the system namely keiretsu. Meanwhile, in Japanese model, the non-affiliated shareholders have got petite to say in the governance procedure. The German Model: The German model has been characterised by two distinct boards such as a management board and a supervisory board. Such two-tiered board framework has efficiently managed the financial management as well as regulatory control in the market. Also, the voting right restrictions in the German model have limited the ownership structure of the shareholders to a certain extent (Mahmood, 2015). In the German model, the regulatory framework has been controlled by significant federal laws such as Commercial Law, The Stock Corporation Law and Stick Exchange Law. Islamic corporate governance and the role of the Sharia Committee Islamic corporate governance has followed strict standards and regulatory framework so that significant value of transparency, fairness and responsibility towards the shareholders can be incorporated. By managing financial risks to a certain order, the fundamental objective of Islamic corporate governance is to increase the shareholders value. In order to develop sustainable corporate governance, The Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) has published the guiding principles for corporate business organisations to maintain highest IFSE standards (Bhatti Bhatti, 2009). By identifying the growing need for standardisation in the Islamic finance industry, the Islamic corporate governance structure has delivered efficient business standards incorporating business ethics, transparency and fair trading concepts among the financial institutes operating in the global market (Morrison, 2014). Understandably, the Sharia governance committee has played a crucial role in advising the Islamic financial institutions about the compliance of guiding principles (Ahmed, 2014). Thus, greater clarity has been achieved within the financial services in the Islamic corporate governance. The five specific elements of the Sharia committee such as general approach, competence, independence, confidentiality and consistency have mandated the operative procedure of the Islamic financial services (Casper, 2015). The Sharia Board has connected the Islamic financial governance to the IFSB standards so that the organisations can understand their liability and responsibility towards the shareholders (Bhatti Bhatti, 2010). Moreover, the compliance of the Sharia Board has addressed significant issues associated with the financial governance securing transparency. Discussion and analysis Islamic corporate governance in Australia Governance is term that relates the government with its constituents. Therefore, corporate governance refers to the corporation and its constituents. It is important to understand who the constituents of a corporation are. Islamic corporate governance differs from that of corporate governance of conventional financial institutions. Islamic corporate governance mainly focuses on building a good relationship with entrepreneurs exploring for growth of businesses. The Islamic Financial institutions do not offer money in forms of debts, but believes in investing in potential projects in return of profit (Sukardi, 2013). The foremost difference is the risk level involved for the depositors of Islamic Banks when the bank invests on different projects. Hence, it can be seen that Banks or financial institutions opting for Islamic Financial products must be aware of the facts of high risk exposure that they tends to provide to the regular customers. Along with that, there is a need of proper a pproval of the Australian government before offering Islamic financial products in the Australian market. One of the major examples of Islamic bank in Australia is the MCCA Islamic Finance and Investment (Australia). The company started its business in the year 1989 as a registered corporation in Melbourne with $20,000. MCCA started its business with a vision to meet the investment, banking and financial needs of the Muslims living in Australia (Wijethunga Ekanayake, 2015). It offers all sorts of Islamic Financial products and has facilitated around $1 billion in home finance. Along with that, the financial institution also manages around $50 million in investment. Hence, it can be seen that Islamic Corporate has good opportunity to grow in the Australian market with upcoming projects available in the future. Islamic financial products in Australia Different Islamic Financial products can be offered by the Australian Banks to improve their positioning in the market. The Islamic Financial Products that can be offered by the Australian banks are discussed herein below: Products based on Profit and Loss sharing: In place of providing loan in return of interest, the Australian Banks can offer investment on basis of profit and losses. It will reduce the risk of the entrepreneurs and ensure the banks a higher rate of return. Furthermore, the entrepreneurs will get technical assistance of the banks and it will develop a good relationship with the customers (Zain, Zulkarnain, Hassan, 2015). Two different products can be offered namely Mudaraba Products that involves sharing of only profit and the second is Musharaka that is a termed used for joint ventures. Products based on investing financing: Product based financing is used to earn fees by purchasing properties and selling them to a buyer who pays the price of the property in small instalments. In return of the investment, the financial institutions earn a good amount of fees. The ownership of the property is not transferred to the buyer unless he pays the full amount. Alternative to Bonds: Another product is known as Sukuk that is a type of Islamic bond in which the investors are entitled with an ownership of a tangible asset, project, business, joint venture and service. It is important that every asset must be in compliance with the Sharia regulations (Srairi, 2015). Conclusion and recommendation The significant research on corporate governance models and the Islamic governance framework have provided the broader concept of corporate social responsibility among the financial services. Moreover, the IFSB standards and principle guidelines have incorporated significant strengths to the organisations operating in the Islamic finance industry proving transparency and fairness policy in business operations. Along with that, the Sharia Board has delivered ethical and moral standardisation among the Islamic corporate governance prohibiting any illegal business activities. Meanwhile, the existing Islamic corporate governance in Australia and the Islamic financial product discussion have pointed out the massive opportunities in the Australian market. Evidently, some of the fundamental recommendations have been included at the end of the paper to improve the current scenario. Improve the current set of the Regulatory framework: Through the identification of indifferent risks associated with the financial industry such as liquidity risk, transparency risk, fiduciary risks and legal risks, the efficient regulatory framework must be promoted to the Islamic financial services. The regulatory framework must upgrade licensing, liquidity rules and capital structure of the financial organisations so that the Islamic banking structure and system can provide efficient services in the developed as well as emerging nations. Strengthening supervision: By the help of the Sharia Board and IFSB standards, the Islamic financial governance structure has found solidity. Moreover, IBs and CBs supervision model must have been identified to provide right funding structure, efficient skills and management of services. Also, the operational independence through financial oversight can result in vigorous accountability practices to strengthen the corporate governance structure of the Islamic finance industry. References Abu-Tapanjeh, A. (2009). Corporate governance from the Islamic perspective: A comparative analysis with OECD principles.Critical Perspectives On Accounting,20(5), 556-567. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2007.12.004 Ahmed, P. (2014). Corporate Governance and Ethics of Islamic Finance Institutions.Journal Of Islamic Economics Banking And Finance,10(1), 32-55. https://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0025696 Alam Choudhury, M. Nurul Alam, M. (2013). Corporate governance in Islamic perspective.I J Islam Mid East Fin And Mgt,6(3), 180-199. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-10-2012-0101 Bhatti, M. Bhatti, I. (2009). Development in legal Issues of Corporate Governance in Islamic Finance.J Of Ec And Admin Sciences,25(1), 67-91. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10264116200900004 Bhatti, M. Bhatti, M. (2010). Toward Understanding Islamic Corporate Governance Issues in Islamic Finance.Asian Politics Policy,2(1), 25-38. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-0787.2009.01165.x Casper, M. (2015), Sharia Boards and Sharia Compliance in the Context of European Corporate Governance.SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2179412 Hashim, F., Mahadi, N., Amran, A. (2015). Corporate Governance and Sustainability Practices in Islamic Financial Institutions: The Role of Country of Origin.Procedia Economics And Finance,31, 36-43. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01129-6 Mahmood, S. (2015), International Perspectives - Corporate Governance Regulations and Models.SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2423864 Mollah, S. Zaman, M. (2015). Shariah supervision, corporate governance and performance: Conventional vs. Islamic banks.Journal Of Banking Finance,58, 418-435. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.04.030 Morrison, S. (2014). Shariah Boards and the Corporate Governance of Islamic Banks in the United Kingdom.Journal Of Islamic Economics Banking And Finance,10(1), 96-109. https://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0025699 Rini, R. (2014). The effect of audit committee role and sharia supervisory board role on financial reporting quality at Islamic banks in Indonesia.Journal Of Economics, Business, And Accountancy | Ventura,17(1), 145. https://dx.doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v17i1.273 Srairi, S. (2015). Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices and Performance of Islamic Banks in GCC Countries.JIF,4(2), 1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0024085 Sukardi, B. (2013). Corporate Governance Engineering of Islamic Banking and Finance: Tantangan Globalisasi Sistem Ekonomi dan Pasar Bebas.TSAQAFAH,9(1), 149. https://dx.doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v9i1.42 Wijethunga, I. Ekanayake, E. (2015). Element of Corporate Governance in Islamic Banks vs Conventional Banks: A Case Study.Journal Of Islamic Banking And Finance,3(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.15640/jibf.v3n1a5 Zain, N., Zulkarnain, I., Hassan, P. (2015). Shariah Corporate Governance Structure of Malaysian Islamic Banking and Finance: The Traces of Shura.Journal Of Islamic Banking And Finance,3(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.15640/jibf.v3n1a3

Women in Law Essay Example

Women in Law Essay It is clichà © to say that women are the weaker sex. It was not too long ago when the things women were allowed to do were very limited. They were not allowed to wear skimpy clothing. They couldn’t even go to school. If they did, they only had limited subjects to study. Women were passive. They were fine about not being prioritized by the law. Then again, this did not last long. There were strong and courageous women who fought for their rights. The women of today are reaping all the benefits, especially when they were finally included in the law. This year, a number of non-residents enrolling in law school are increasing. More foreigners are taking up law. Compared to the part years, more minorities are venturing on the field of law. Some of these ethnic minorities are women. Women, who are also members of the ethnic minority, studying law, are something that is unfamiliar to most of us. It just goes to show that women are getting braver as years pass. It is then important to study women in law in comparison to the different ethnicities and minorities. First, we should look at how women are doing in the industry of law. This will include women as a group of people taken care and prioritized by the law, and women as a member of a group that creates the laws for commoners to follow. In short, women practicing law and women being governed by the law are the two sides of the coin that should be scrutinized. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Law’s Representation and Treatment of Women In the past years, law paid attention to women. The constitution and basic human rights show it all; however, this attention given to women by the law is very scant. All considerations and explorations, when dealing with rights and when creating a new law, are all centered to the male species. Humanity is explored to be able to come up with a sound law. Then again, this exploration is confined to the exploration of men. The women almost have no place in the law (Tilly and Gurin 1990, p. 485). There was an era of the feminine mystique. During this time, women are passive and submissive. This was also an era of general conservatism. This is partly because of the American societys pervasive permeation, in which all people engaged in psychoanalytic thinking. Consequently, the people made use of the law and of social science as well, as a social control. People failed to see that the law should also be a means of social inquiry (Tilly and Gurin 1990, p. 485). The law, during this time, only described the role of the women in society. It described where they stood, where exactly in the society should they be found. No one had the initiative to analyze the role of women in society. Their capacity to think and do things was generally underestimated, which is exactly the reason why the attention paid to them was very scant (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). What the law should have been capable of doing during those early times was to explain why women grew to be that way. There should have been researches and studies conducted to be able to come up with a more substantial and sensible constitution, where women would have been given the voice they rightfully deserve. Such act was not expected, because this occurred during the time when the only voices of the nation were the males. Everyone was busy about other social problems and issues, and complacency about gender issues got the better of most of the people in a given community (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Women, as represented by law, were just members of a group who were different from men. The difference came only in discussions of biology and physical structure. Physiology was highly important in defining the conditions of women, but this did not last long. After some time, interpretations became brand new. Not everyone kept on believing what was already written. Pieces of information established began to be cracked open. Psychological passivity is no longer a trend, and people started to ask why (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 206). All old data were studied again, and this time, with newer tools, and of course, newer interpretations. More considerations in studying the old data were added. Other areas of gender and sexuality were being explored. Studies by social scientists helped women define themselves. They were able to explain why they were not experiencing their freedom for the past years. Women now know that they were passive and submissive because they were trained to be passive and submissive (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 207). The law and society both have a big influence on the general make-up of a woman. Society, since day one, has offered the woman alternatives. She was capable of choosing things for herself, and society has given her all the options she can choose from. The problem came in when the law, especially when it matched the power of society, controlled not the womans options, but her motivation to select from the choices given to her (Tilly and Gurin 1990, p. 485). Motivation of Women Controlled by the Law How, then, was motivation controlled? The law developed women through social science. It has controlled the women to automatically know that they have roles to fill. Women are trained to act as models. Why is this so? There is an accepted image of a woman, which every woman should emanate. All members of a society are governed by expectations. Something is always expected from them. An image is always expected from them. An act, a response, a reaction, a deed, an expression or the lack of it all, are all expected from them (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 209). Because of this, women in law are seen as light, soft, weak and small. They are slow, passive, rounded, cold, relaxed, peaceful and dull. They are domestic. They are expected to wait for their husbands from work. As they wait, they are expected to cook meals for their partners. They are expected to wash the dishes and do the laundry. They should keep the house clean, take care of the children, and watch after the pets. Because of how the law defines a woman, the woman has grown accustomed to the image asked of her. The woman is the patient one. She is grateful, kind, nice, moral, affectionate and loving. She is at the same time silly, sorry, careless and clumsy. The law has generalized women and failed to recognize individual differences (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 209). It is not surprising that there were no women lawyers during the old times. Women are expected to stay at home. They could not think of a simple law to add to the constitution. Today, all these are now being erased, as more women are already taking law, and there are women who take positions in public offices to create laws. It should not be forgotten, though, that they still experience restrictions. Women in law are still governed by laws, whether these are written or not, because society said so (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). The Conflict There is huge evidence for gender bias not only in developing countries but also in the United States, where one would expect that the law profession had already reached its maturity. The Employment Law Center together with The Women in Law Committee conducted a survey with some stunning results. According to 85% of the respondents, who are made up of women lawyers, they perceive gender bias in the legal profession. Two out of three say that their male colleagues dont accept them as equals (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 207). Interestingly, a number of women lawyers in the workplace seem to increase women’s perception of fairness. It’s not only the number of females in the workplace that contributes to this perception of inequality, however. Some of those surveyed claimed that the gender bias is caused by the belief in the workplace that woman lawyers are not part of the network of â€Å"old boys.† There are also cases where male lawyers unfairly try to make their points by physically threatening their female colleagues (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 209). It’s even more difficult in the United States to be a female lawyer and a member of a minority group at the same time. In this case, the person may be subject to a double bias in the legal profession. Women lawyers belonging to a minority group perceive both gender bias and ethnic bias in the workplace. According to them, the rules of professional conduct should be changed to prevent the racial and gender-biased behavior by their colleagues. The law profession itself may be in danger of retracting from its upward development as the discontent of female lawyers start to climb. Findings of the survey indicate that while more than seventy percent of the respondents still wanted to stay as lawyers, about twenty-four percent said they would choose to be in another career. Also, more than sixty percent of those surveyed believe that they dont have as much opportunities for advancement as their male counterparts. Its probably wise for the legal profession to accept more women because according to the survey, more than half of the female respondents preferred to work with other females. The legal profession and the courtroom itself seem to be teeming with gender bias based on the beliefs of women lawyers. More than seventy percent of the respondents feel negative bias coming from the opposing counsel and sixty percent say bias is also produced by clients. Almost fifty percent of the female respondents felt that their superiors have a gender bias, while about forty percent claim that bias is also present among their peers. Note that women lawyers are more likely to feel negative bias from the opposing counsel than from their peers. The most direct effect of gender bias in the legal profession is indicated by the fact that more than thirty percent of the respondents made career changes because of their perceived negative bias. Moreover, thirty-seven of the respondents did not make any changes in their careers because they believed that the situation would be the same if not worse in other careers. Its clear here that pessimism is the only thing that binds some women i n the legal profession. Had these women felt that other careers are less biased against women, they probably would have chosen other fields (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Women lawyers deeply feel the gender bias in the legal profession. Results of the survey indicate that almost ninety percent of the respondents felt that there is a pervasive but subtle gender bias in the profession. In addition, almost forty percent believed that they would never be equal with their male colleagues (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). The gender bias in law forms a kind of â€Å"glass ceiling† which prevents women from advancing to other areas of the profession. While fifty-three percent of those surveyed believed that half of the women in the workplace received partnerships and promotions, sixty-four percent believed that male lawyers still received more partnerships and promotions. Gender bias is not the only challenge for women in the legal profession. Respondents say that they have negative feelings about having little time for their families, working too many hours, and difficulty in balancing their personal and professional lives. Despite these challenges, however, women are still very competitive in law. More than eighty percent of the respondents claim that they are satisfied with their jobs because of the challenges in the legal profession. They also enjoy the setting and the unique opportunity to meet other people. In 1992, the Ninth Circuit Gender Bias Task Force released some important findings on the issue of gender in the legal profession. They concluded that gender is still a relevant issue in law. The appointment process, conducts of lawyers in the courtroom, outside and other areas of the legal profession all have cases of gender bias. The report also claimed that males and females have different views on the prevalence and definition of gender bias in law (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Like in other professions in the modern world, women are also subject to sexual harassment in the legal profession. The survey reveals some stunning statistics on the existence of sexual harassment in law. Nearly half of those surveyed claimed that they experienced sexual harassment at the workplace. This is disappointing considering that only thirteen percent of respondents reported that they felt sexual harassment decreasing over the past five years. It is always difficult to pin down the meaning of sexual harassment because of the number of behaviors that can be interpreted as sexual violations of women. The Judicial Council Advisory Committee released a report on gender bias in the courts in the 1990 in order to identify some behaviors that constitute sexual harassment in the legal profession. According to the report, acts and words that focus on the physical appearance or sexual attributes of women who participate in courtroom proceedings are considered cases of sexual harassment. The report identified other cases of sexual harassment in the legal profession such as the use of gender issues as a tactic during courtroom trials. Expressions that women are inferior or that they should not be lawyers are also considered to be violations of the law prohibiting sexual harassment. Furthermore, sexual harassment need not be done directly in order for it to be violative of the law prohibiting sexual harassment. The report recognizes th e participation and encouragement of gender bias by judicial officers as constitutive of sexual harassment (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Based on all of the statistics regarding the situation of women in the legal profession, it is clear that all sectors of society should work harder to promote gender equality in law. The legal profession should be more concerned with gender equality since it promotes justice in its field. If the legal profession itself crumbles down to the pressures of tradition and stereotypes, then what hope is there for other areas of society to achieve something higher in terms of gender justice? Law firms must consider and accept more women lawyers to be free of the gender bias that apparently exists and proliferates in the law profession today. Governments also must strive harder to produce more laws that would guarantee women equal footing with men in the workplace. While it is true that gender discrimination cannot be eradicated by laws alone, it is important that sanctions be imposed on all citizens so they will be more aware of the rights of everyone for fair treatment. There should be stricter guidelines on the prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace so women will feel less pressure while doing their jobs. Laws must also be more specific on what constitutes sexual harassment so women will be more protected from sexual injustices (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Society will be improved once womens status in the legal profession is elevated and developed more. It is time for the legal profession and society in general to recognize the huge contribution of women lawyers in promoting justice and equality. Also, more studies should be conducted on the perceptions of women regarding gender equality in law so that more immediate actions could be taken by the government and civil society. Once the legal profession is free of gender bias, then the government and other sectors of society could move forward on addressing the issue of gender bias elsewhere. Women are as talented and as hard-working as men in law, so they should be treated fairly and provided with equal opportunities for advancement. Bibliography Tilly, L and Gurin, P. (1990) Women, Politics and Change, Russel Sage Foundation, USA. Aggarwal, N. and University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Centre (2002) Women in Law in India, New Century Publications, Michigan.

Relevance of Modern Cinema to the Study of Ancient History essays

Relevance of Modern Cinema to the Study of Ancient History essays The Relevance of Modern cinema to the study of Ancient History Cinema has been around for about 100 years now. Who would have thought that the French short called The journey to the Moon (1901), would progress into a digital masterpiece like GLADIATOR. Over the century of movies that the world has witnessed, the have been almost 70 films made on the subject of classics. 21 of these were made in the decade between 1959-1969. Almost every one of these (with the exception of 6, including Carry On Cleo!) was solely intent on showing the cultural side of classical times, rather than the popular gory side (e.g. Cleopatra). Both sides are incredibly useful to the study of ancient history. The former shows how the ancient civilisations lived; and the latter shows what they did for entertainment. The subject of classics was first seen to be a novel idea to base a film on in 1899, by the French director Georges Mlis when he made Clopatre. This idea soon caught on, with some years churning out as many as 4 classics films a year (1908, 1961, 1962). However, the idea of classics in a movie soon became cliched, after 21 versions of Hercules, 9 versions of Quo Vadis, 15 films based on Cleopatra, and 7 versions of Spartacus. So, it was unsurprising that from 1983, there was a 14-year gap between two classics films. Ironically, both films were a version of Hercules, the most recent being a Disney Version (which actually stole ideas from almost every significant Greek myth ever told!) Even then, after 14 years, directors feared making a classical movie, as it could ruin their career. Ridley Scott was the first daring filmmaker, when, after 4 years, he made perhaps the most incredible classics film ever. Years of studying classics went into the movie, and the excellent effects enhanced the experience. Now, in the new millennium, the idea is once again becoming a trend, with Gates of Fire set to be released ...

Strategic Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Corporate Finance - Essay Example An investor must be paid some price for this sacrifice (Brigham & Weston, 2009). So the future value of the dollar-assuming a positive rate of interest-will always be higher than its present value. Another reason for interest being charged on capital is that capital is one of the factors of production that can give access to men, materials and machinery, help automate and speed up processes and productivity in a short time and this is why the demand for capital attracts a price called the interest rate (Rao, 2011). Why is it Important for Financial Managers to Understand the Concept of Time Value of Money? Finance is the lifeblood of business and industry. Everything from running the day to day operations of an enterprise to meeting financial needs for future plans requires money. In fact investing surplus funds to get the best possible returns as well as keeping sufficient liquidity in the asset and liability mix is a key function of financial managers. They look at both present and future plans of the business and consider how to achieve these in the light of financial requirements (Crosson & Needles, 2008). This is why an understanding of the time value of money is of key importance to financial managers. They can match the funding and investment portfolios of the enterprise to get the best returns (Mathur, 1979). Calculations of the Future Value: a. $54,298 if invested for five years at a 7% interest rate FV= PV (1 + r)t FV= 52948(1 + 0.07)5 FV= 52948(1.07)5 FV= 52948 x 1.225 FV = $ 64,861. b. $99,112 if invested for three years at a 4% interest rate FV= PV (1 + r)t FV= 99112(1 + 0.04)3 FV= 99112(1.04)3 FV= 99112 x 1.125 FV = $ 111,501. c. $121,124 if invested for seven years at an 2% interest rate FV= PV (1 + r)t FV= 121124(1 + 0.02)7 FV= 112124(1.02)7 FV= 112124 x 1.149 FV = $128,830. d. $929,129 if invested for ten years with a 0.9% interest rate FV= PV (1 + r)t FV= 929129(1 + 0.009)10 FV= 929129(1.009)10 FV= 929129 x 1.09373 FV = $1,016,216. Calculation s of the Present Value: a. $455,126 to be received three years from now with a 4% Interest rate PV= FV/(1 + r)t PV= 455126/(1 + 0.04)3 PV= 455126/(1.04)3 PV= 455126 x 0.889 PV = $404,607. b. $289,231 to be received five years from now with a 5% interest rate PV= FV/(1 + r)t PV= 289231/(1 + 0.05)5 PV= 289231/(1.05)5 PV= 289231 x 0.864 PV = $249,896. c. $921,000 to received two years from now with a 12% interest rate PV= FV/(1 + r)t PV= 921000/(1 + 0.12)2 PV= 921000/(1.12)2 PV= 921000 x 0.797 PV = $734,037. d. $278,111 to be received eight years from now with a 1% interest rate. PV= FV/(1 + r)t PV= 278111/(1 + 0.01)8 PV= 278111/(1.01)8 PV= 278111 x 0.923 PV = $256,696. Suppose you are to receive a stream of annual payments (also called an "annuity") of $309,723 every year for three years starting this year. The interest rate is 4%. What is the present value of these three payments? PV of Annuity= PVA= A(PVFA)i,n PVA=309723(PVFA).04,3 PVA=309723 x 2.775 PVA=$859,481.32 Suppose you are to receive a payment of $239,201 every year for three years. You are depositing these payments in a bank account that pays 2% interest. Given these three payments and this interest rate, how much will be in your bank account in three years? FV of Annuity= FVAn=A(FVFA)i,n FVA=239201(FVFA).02,3 FVA=239201 x 3.060 FVA=$731,955. Evaluation of Module 2 Case Assignment The Module 2 case assignment gave me an opportunity to learn about the time value of