Causes of the Afghan Civil War

Reasons for the Afghan Civil War Mohammad Haseeb Daudzai Who demolished Kabul? The Afghan Civil War which began in 1989 and finished in 1992 was one of the bloodiest and most damaging wars in Afghan history. This war had two stages. The primary stage was battled between the Afghan government and the Mujahedeen, and the subsequent stage was battled between various gatherings of the Mujahedeen. The Afghan Civil War which brought about in excess of 100,000 passings and the devastation of Kabul was brought about by different factors some of which were: Afghan individuals, Afghanistan’s economy, Afghan government officials and outside inclusion. As a matter of first importance, Afghanistan is a multicultural nation with in excess of ten ethnic gatherings and in excess of thirty dialects. Afghans have a few contrasts in their way of life, as well. Most of Afghans follow both of the two schools of fiqh (schools of Islamic law) specifically Jafari and Hanafi. The education rate is likewise low in Afghanistan. These social contrasts, strict issues and low proficiency rate make bigotry a typical wonder among the individuals and it’s simple for anybody to incite a war in Afghanistan. In 1992, racists from various ethnic gatherings began welcoming their ethnic gatherings to battle against other ethnic gatherings, so they could pick up power in Afghanistan. The economy of Afghanistan was extremely frail in 1989 when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was leaving Afghanistan. Joblessness arrived at its pinnacle. In spite of the fact that Dr. Najibullah arranged various procedures for making a steady economy in Afghanistan, but since gas wells were heavily influenced by the Mujahedeen, the administration was totally reliant on the USSR help, thus a large portion of those systems fizzled. Because of joblessness, individuals began keeping in certain parts from Kabul, so they began challenging the administration in Kabul. These fights gave the Mujahedeen a decent reason for assaulting Kabul which denoted the primary period of the Afghan Civil War. Back in 1980s when the USSR had full control of Afghanistan, eight gatherings were framed contrary to the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) which was legitimately upheld and affected by the Soviet Union. All these eight gatherings called themselves Mujahedeen (Holy warriors). These gatherings battled against the USSR for a long time. Following nine years of battling in Afghanistan, the USSR lost the war to the Mujahedeen and had to pull back their powers from Afghanistan. In 1989, preceding leaving Afghanistan, the USSR chose Dr. Najibullah to be the leader of Afghanistan after they left. Dr. Najibullah was an individual from the PDPA, henceforth his legislature was not adequate to the Mujahedeen and they kept on battling, which incited a common war between Afghan armed force and the Afghan Mujahedeen. In excess of 20,000 Afghans were slaughtered in this first period of the Afghan Civil War. In 1992 Dr. Najibullah left his position. Afghan warlords knew Dr. Najib would at long last leave and all of them needed to have his spot so they sorted out a social event in Peshawar, Pakistan. This social affair brought about shaping another legislature and a bureau which should take power after Dr. Najibullah surrendered. Furthermore, Ahmad Shah Masood framed an overseeing committee known as Shura e Nazar, which was made out of 120 military commanders from various pieces of northern Afghanistan, to manage the exercises of the up and coming government. In 1992, the new government dealt with Kabul and significant pieces of Afghanistan. Sibghatullah Mujadeedi was selected as the new leader of Afghanistan, however because of his poor authority aptitudes he was before long supplanted by Burhanuddin Rabbani. Rabbani was an individual from Shura e Nazar and with the exception of Tajik warlords nobody needed him to be the President of Afghanistan. Following a month, the second and bloodiest period of the Afghan Civil War started. In excess of 50,000 regular folks were slaughtered uniquely in Kabul and it was isolated into various parts, each part constrained by an alternate gathering. For instance Kart e Parwan region was constrained by Ahmad Shah Masood’s powers and just Tajik individuals lived there, Taimani locale was constrained by Abdul Ali Mazari’s powers and just Hazara individuals lived there and on the off chance that anybody from Kart e Parwan challenged to go to Taimani or the other way around, the contrary party would murder him. Following two months of Rabbani’s government the Mujahedeen began terminating rockets over the avenues of Kabul as result nobody was sheltered anyplace in Kabul. In the interim Gulbudin Hekmatyar, who was bolstered by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, needed to be the leader of Afghanistan, thus he began battling the administration and Abdul Ali Mazari went along with him. The Civil War in Afghanistan was a piece of the Cold War. As indicated by George Crile, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) propelled Operation Cyclone to subsidize the Mujahedeen against the USSR. In 1980 the measure of these assets came to $30 million every year and in 1987 this sum rose to $630 million every year. The CIA additionally gave weapons including Type-56 rifles and FIM-92 stingers to the Mujahedeen. The primary stinger which end up being a powerful weapon, was propelled in 1986 close to Jalalabad by the Mujahedeen, thus 500 extra stingers were given to the Mujahedeen by the CIA. Pakistan likewise began supporting the Mujahedeen which brought about the USSR giving extra AK 47s to the Afghan armed force. The USSR additionally gave in excess of 2500 SCUD rockets to the Afghan government. Dr. Najibullah utilized the SCUDs against Pakistan and gave the AK 47s to the Afghan armed force. Many rockets were shot on the fringe among Afghanistan and Pakistan as a reaction to Pak istan’s backing of the Mujahedeen and the US weapons supplies to the Mujahedeen that came through Pakistan. In 1992, Dr. Najibullah surrendered. Dr. Najib’s acquiescence denoted the finish of the primary period of the Afghan Civil War. Pakistan kept supporting Gulbudin Hekmatyar against the Afghan government and requested that he continue battling against the legislature till he increased full force in Kabul and supplanted Rabbani. Saudi Arabia likewise began supporting Hekmatyar. The second period of the War started after Hekmatyar began shelling Kabul. Relations between Shura e Nazar and General Abdul Rasheed Dostom who currently had the full help of Uzbekistan, had soured and Dostom needed to leave Kabul. Subsequent to leaving Kabul, Dostom began shelling Kabul from the entryways of Kabul. In excess of 50,000 non military personnel were slaughtered in Kabul in daze shelling (1) (likewise called rockety koor ([blind rockets]). To close, during these two periods of the Afghan common war, which kept going from 1989 to 1992, in excess of 100,000 Afghans were executed, a huge number of Kabul residents were harmed and lost their homes and nothing was found in Kabul with the exception of besieged structures and indications of various weapons utilized during the war. The Afghan Civil war was brought about by four central point, the Afghan individuals, Afghan economy, Afghan government officials and outside forces.

Transformational and Transactional Leadership Essay -- Leadership Skil

Absolutely, a military would not have the option to fight in the war without an authority who in charges of the entire system. Correspondingly, any associations can't work without pioneers. Pioneer is the most generous component of fruitful associations. Turning out to be exceptional pioneers, initiative ability is essential so as to drive the associations forward. A few administration standards are broadly utilized nowadays. Consumes (1978) distinguished two sorts of authority include value-based and transformational administration. Thus, pioneers ought to be skilled to demonstrate which hypothesis ought to be applied as per organization’s culture and goals. This article expects to assess the likenesses and the contrasts among value-based and transformational initiative just as the achievability to use a blend of them by giving the definitions and models followed by the supporting explores and studies. At first, value-based and transformational authority are diverse regarding execution and its results. Be that as it may, transformational initiative was created from value-based administration (Downton, 1973). Bass (1985) characterized value-based initiative as a trade action that pioneers execute to rouse subordinates so as to accomplish their assignments by giving out remuneration or discipline compare with their presentation. Moreover, dynamic and aloof administration by special case are considered with regards to confusion and deficiencies. Bass (1985) expressed that transformational authority underlines the estimation of subordinates, urges them to perform additional exertion, and guarantees their appreciation on organization’s objectives and destinations. Furthermore, glorified impact, uplifting inspiration, scholarly stimulatio... ...) has indicated that these two typologies function admirably in various structures, transformational initiative includes in procedural equity while distributive equity depends on value-based administration. A relationship of both would amplify the degree of trust on pioneers. Taking everything into account, value-based and transformational administration can be blended or utilized separately relying upon different conditions. Be that as it may, they are somewhat connected. So as to make the best utilize and get the attractive outcomes out of these standards, pioneers ought to achieve a profound comprehension of every hypothesis as they are divergent in leading. In addition, a suitable equalization ought to be thought of if pioneers mean to coordinate them together. In my perspective, either remain solitary or blend use would profit to any associations if the use of pioneers was taken in appropriate circumstances.

How Mentally Strong People Respond to Snarky Comments

How Mentally Strong People Respond to Snarky Comments At times, a well-timed funny comment at someone’s expense is a good humor amongst good friends. However, passive-aggressive comments which hide anger prowling behind the mask usually constitute a snark.At times, snarky comments comprise of insincere compliments like “You really look appealing to someone as old as you”.Snark can also include sarcastic comments like “No offense but there is a possibility you would have made extra sales if you sounded like you actually understood what you were talking about.”Today, it looks like people are becoming snakier every moment.However, that does not mean that you have to allow those comments to stress you or drag you down.This article will guide you on how to become a mentally stronger person and how to respond to snarky comments with the needed mental strength to do that.WHAT IS MENTAL STRENGTH?A person who is always optimistic controls his or her life and does not feel sorry for his or herself is a mentally strong person i.e. they p ossess a mental strength.Most people use mental toughness interchangeably with mental strength.However, depending on how you define mental toughness, there is a possibility you are not talking about the same thing.Mostly, mental toughness is used when referring to Navy Seals or elite athletes, or people who are subjecting their bodies to extreme limits to see how much pain their bodies can endure.But, many of us don’t need to subject their bodies to extreme limits or physically threaten their opponents.Being a mentally strong person is not about acting tough. It is all about knowing your emotions, following your values and learning from previous painful experiences.The following are the three main components of mental strength:Controlling your thoughts â€" by controlling your thoughts, you teach your brain to think more helpfully. This can mean to ignore doubting yourself or to replace self-depreciation with self-comparison.Governing your emotions â€" when you are aware of your em otions, you begin to understand the feelings that impact how you behave and think. This can involve accepting certain emotionsâ€"even if they make you feel uncomfortable, or acting opposite to your emotions when the feelings dont serve you the way you want.Behaving productively â€" the key to becoming mentally strong is choosing things and actions which can enhance your life, even at times when you are struggling with delayed gratification or motivation.THE TRAITS OF A MENTALLY STRONG PERSONThomas Jefferson had said,“Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude”.With that said, you should understand that being mentally strong is not a trait you are born with, but it is an attribute you must develop.Your daily activities can drag you through some tough and exciting situations and how to understand mental strength is essential in how you are handling these situations.Life happens, and you can only navigate it well if you are mentally strong.Therefore, you should learn how to improve yourself through your life experiences, rather than to allow the regret of your past mistakes eats you up. That can only happen if you are mentally strong, but it is not all that it takes.Mental strength is considered a skill, which you can only develop through perseverance and grit. It also comes as a result of acquiring certain traits that you develop through regular repetition of particular habits.By its nature, a habit automates your actions, and this helps you not to be a victim of decision fatigue via overthinking.Here are the top 20 traits of mentally strong people. These traits show how these people think, act and how they handle and treat themselves as well as others. 1. Emotional IntelligenceMaybe you not clear the difference between mental strength and emotional intelligence. You are not alone in this. Many people have many misconceptions about being mentally strong and myths regarding how to develop their emotional intelligence.In the past few years, the meaning of emotional intelligence has significantly changed.The Cambridge Dictionary defines emotional intelligence (EQ) as your ability to understand how people react and feel, and how this skill can assist you to make good judgments to solve or avoid problems.You should understand that emotional intelligence is part of mental strength. Yet, mental strength goes way beyond your emotions and addresses the behaviors and thoughts that affect the general value of your life.However, you can still increase your emotional intelligence and still build your mental strength. Both emotional intelligence and mental strength can serve you well personally as well as professionally.A book written by Daniel Goleman called “Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ”, is what brought the concept of emotional intelligence into the limelight. Goleman argues that emotional intelligence can give you a competitive advantage in some environments.Furthermore, he says that your high EQ cannot make you achieve higher academic grades or improved SAT scored. He says these things rely more on your IQ.According to Goleman, there are five core components you should know about emotional intelligence. These include:Self-awareness â€" this is your ability to recognize and understand your emotions as well as what drives these emotions, and how your emotions affect other people.Internal motivation â€" this is the passion, or desire to work and it goes way beyond status and money. It’s like your inner vision of what matters in life or the satisfaction or joy of doing what you like.Self-regulation or self-control â€" this is all about redirecting your unsettling moods and desires and your ability to think carefully before acting.Empathy â€" is your ability to understand the emotions of other people around you and the readiness to treat these people according to how they react emotionally.Soci al skills â€" these include your skills to handle relationships and your ability to develop a rapport with other people through finding a neutral ground.2. Confidence“Whether you think you can or think you can’t â€" you are right”, Henry Ford has said once.As a mentally strong person, you will always subscribe to Fords idea about how your attitude can significantly affect your success. That idea is not a mere motivational tool; it is a fact.Real confidence, compared to the false/untrue confidence that you can use to mask your insecurities, has its own look.Being mentally strong can allow you to be in a better position over the skittish and doubtful people since your confidence can inspire other people and even assist them to make things happen.3. Avoiding ConflictsOne true mark of mental strength is when someone tries to hurt you, but you try to understand his or her situation in return rather than focusing on how to hurt them.Holding grudges can never be a solution to any pro blem, and you will never achieve anything positive from that.Rather than spending most of your time loathing people who hurt you, you allow yourself to heal and learn from that occurrence. Even during some of the most difficult stress factors, you prefer to calm yourself down and try to manage the situation with maturity.As a mentally strong person, you firmly believe that raising your voice signifies weakness.4. Not Envying nor JudgingYou can never make any assumption without being aware of the situation at hand in the first place. You dont have hard feelings about the success of other people, and you also dont believe in the negative things people have told you in the past.You like to celebrate the success of other people and do not get jealous when someone outdoes you in a particular area. You believe that success is a result of hard work and you are always ready to go that extra mile just to achieve what you want.5. Embracing ChangeWhen you are mentally strong, you will always b e flexible and adapt to new changes every time. You know that the fear of change can be paralyzing and a threat to your happiness and success.Every time you look for change that is waiting around the corner and develop a plan just in case these changes happen.You can only find the good in new things when you embrace change. You have an open mind as well as open arms, and they assist you to recognize and take advantage of the opportunities that are created by change.6. Willingness to Receive the Assistance of Other PeopleAs a mentally strong person, you are not a slave to your ego. You dont fear to ask support from others when you need help.Besides, you always have confidence when admitting that you don’t know certain things and you can always ask for help when you want to learn.7. Embracing FailureMentally strong people do not fear to fail because they are aware that for them to succeed, they must fail sometimes. You can never experience success without embracing failure.By admitt ing that you are on the wrong path, your mistakes create the way for your success. You should understand that the most significant breakthroughs in life happen at times when you feel that you are stuck or most frustrated.Frustration forces you to think differently, think out of the box and see the answers which you have been missing all the way.8. Not Letting Mistakes Bringing You DownMentally strong people believe that where they focus their attention greatly determines their emotional state.Focusing on the issues which you are going through can lead to prolonged stress and negative emotions, and this can significantly affect your performance.On the other hand, focusing on the actions which can improve yourself as well as your situation helps in creating a mood of personal efficiency.This, in turn, results in positive emotions, which enhances performance.Mentally strong people don’t like associating themselves with their mistakes, but they also don’t forget them. By not relatin g to their mistakes, and not forgetting about them, you develop the ability to adjust and adapt to your future success.9. No One Limits Your JoyIf you derive your sense of satisfaction and pleasure from comparing your life to that of others, you stop mastering your own happiness.When you feel good because of something you did, you won’t allow other people’s opinions on success to take that joy away from you.Whenever it is possible, you always dont focus on what other people think about you.Furthermore, you dont like comparing yourself to other peoples, and at times you take the opinions of other people positively.Mentally strong people believe in one thing, no matter what other people think or say about them, they are never as good or bad as people perceive them.10.  You Dont Limit the Joy of Other PeopleYou can never judge other people since you know that everybody has his or her potential, and they have something to bring to the table. Also, you can never take another person d own just to feel good about yourself.Always know that comparing your life to that of other people can be limit you.Resentment and jealousy drain life out of you â€" they are some of the greatest energy-stealers in a person. You do not waste your energy or time analyzing other people and worrying whether or not they are worth your time.Rather than wasting your energy and time on jealousy, you direct that energy into appreciating other people. You believe that celebrating the success of other people benefits you both.11. You Know How to Say NoYou are more likely to experience burnout, stress or even depression if you find it hard to say ‘no’.Mentally strong people understand that saying no is very healthy to them. Therefore, mentally strong people have developed the foresight and self-esteem to ensure other people understand them when they say no.When it comes to saying no, mentally strong people usually avoid certain phrases like “I am not sure” or “I don’t think I can do it.”You have confidence when saying no since you believe that rejecting new commitments usually honors your existing commitments. As a result, you have the opportunity to fulfill these commitments successfully.As a mentally strong person, you know how to wield self-control via saying no to yourself. You can easily delay satisfaction and avoid stupid actions which can cause you harm.12. Youre not SelfishYou like to assist others. Also, you never anticipate anything from a person after doing good to them. You believe in the saying that, “my candle cannot lose anything by lighting another candle.”13. The World Doesnt Owe You AnythingMentally strong people feel that they are not entitled to things in this life. They are always ready to work hard and deny themselves comfort just to achieve their goals.They believe that their world is what they make it be.As a mentally strong person, you never take anything for granted, and you always appreciate whatever you have.14. You Cannot Ple ase EverybodyEven though you are a genuine and kind person, you know that you can never make everyone around you happy.For you, spending time by yourself is an important thing, just like spending time with other people.However, you are not afraid to say no to someone who tries to steal the time youve set for yourself.15. You Know that Determination Pays OffAs a mentally strong person, once you set your goals no one can distract you from achieving these goals. Even though you might have failed severally, you dont see your failures as a reason to stop pursuing your goals.But, you see your failure as a chance to grow to improve yourself and grow stronger.You always find a way around any obstacle you encounter.Giving up is not something for you, but looking for different alternatives is what you know.16. Self-Improvement is Your ThingYou are always aware that life is all about learning and meeting new things. So, you live your life by trying to improve it, whether it is your health, job or any other aspect of your life.You don’t like people stopping you, and if they try to, “they are dead!”.17. You Know How to Forgive YourselfIf you are preparing a presentation, and you forgot to save all your work before you turned your PC off.How can you react?In reality, you only have two options; you can choose to forgive yourself and move on or blame yourself for what you did. As a result, you can waste more energy focusing on your mistakes.But, mentally strong people are conversant with self-comparison. You treat yourself just like you’d treat your friend. You cannot continue to put your friend down just because he or she made a mistake.So, why treat yourself the way you wouldn’t treat your friend?18. You Dont Like Staying in Your Comfort ZoneComfort zone is not a good place for a mentally strong person to be stuck. This is because nothing good comes out of there.As a result, you usually challenge yourself every day, and you like taking calculated risks.19. You Fol low and Believe Your HeartYou believe that you cannot go wrong so long as you are following your instincts and heart.You know that following your instincts and heart helps your soul to grow. Furthermore, you don’t ever feel sorry when you follow your heart.20. You Are Relentlessly PositiveWhen you watch new for an extended period, you will see that it is one endless cycle of violent attacks, war, failing companies, environmental disasters and fragile economies.Many people see that its very easy for them to think that its like everything is headed south.Who knows?There is a possibility that is true.However, mentally strong people never worry about such things because they can never find themselves in situations which they cannot control.Rather than starting a revolution, you channel your energy on directing the things which are within your controlâ€"your effort and your attention.Mental strength isn’t an inborn thing awarded to only the chosen few. You can achieve and enjoy it! H OW TO DEAL WITH SNARKY COMMENTSA study conducted by the Michigan State University in 2016 revealed that there is a lot of incivility in todays workplaces.The researchers found that people who experience snaky behaviors, such as put-downs and sarcasm, waste their mental strength trying to understand the person’s motives.As a result, these people become mentally drained, and they have a challenge in handling their instincts and managing their emotions. Thus, they are more likely to lose their temper since they lack the energy to control their impatience.If you are not careful, one snarky person can case mass incivility.However, there is still good news.You can remain mentally strong even when you are dealing with people full of snark. THREE OF THE BEST WAYS HOW YOU CAN RESPOND TO SNARKY COMMENTSDon’t Give Away Your PowerAllowing another person to control how you feel, think or behave hands them the power over you. But, you still dont want to let negative and snarky comments to imp act the way you feel about yourself or how your day shall be.In case a person decides to give you snarky comments regularly, you should never allow that person to occupy too much space in your life. You should always endeavor to make your day as interesting as possible, even when your workmates are rude to you.Also, you can decide never to allow snide remarks from your supervisor affect your self-esteem. Never hold any upsetting thoughts in your mind. In case someone gives you snark, take a deep breath as this helps you to stay calm, and then walk away from the entire situation if warranted.Stay True To Your ValuesYou should always know your values and prioritize living according to your values, even when dealing with snarky people.You should always know that maintaining your integrity is the secrete to your inner peaceâ€"whether it means to keep telling yourself, “It is essential to treat other people with respect,” or excusing yourself from circumstances which are not in line with your thoughts.Even if you feel tempted to respond to a snarky person, never stoop to his or her level. At the end of the day, you want to hold your head high, and know that you triumphed over the entire situation.You Know When To Speak And When To Keep QuietWhen you are mentally strong, you will always know the time to be assertive, and you will never back down from speaking up.Also, youll be able to recognize when a person is trying to use snarky comments just to grab your attention.Mentally strong people never feel like the must comment in every situation and they are not interested in entering in arguments, just to announce their presence. However, they are not afraid to address a person out of his or her behavior.You should always use direct communication, but when it is needed. You can choose to say, I didnt like your comment after I reminded you of that project. Did I upset you or something?Or, when you are in a meeting, and a person gives a negative comment to your idea, just turn and discuss it with people who look like they are interested in the idea. This will allow you to focus your attention on the right placeâ€"to the positive people. CONCLUSION  It is possible for everybody to develop strong mental muscles to assist them in handling snarky people and difficult situation in positively.However, if you happen to find yourself in a compromising situation, you might need to bail out, for good. An unhealthy environment can affect you, both physically and mentallyâ€"no matter how mentally strong you are.

Roman Terms Covering Politics, Law, War, and Lifestyle

The Ancient Roman Republic lasted from 509 BCE to 27 BCE, and was followed by the Ancient Roman Empire which existed from 27 BCE to 669 CE. While already boasting a lengthy rule, the Romans influence continued to shape all aspects of society for centuries after. Roman civilization made its mark on Elizabethan literature by inspiring Shakespeares seminal play, Julius Caesar. The iconic Colosseum in Rome is a staple case study in architecture studies and influenced many similar structures, especially sports stadiums. The Roman Republic, and even the Roman Empire with its Senate legislature, is often referred to as the building blocks of modern democracy. And its ruling over diverse lands and its trade with Asia via the Silk Road inevitably established cross-cultural exchanges that continue to today. These terms cover a variety of topics, ranging from names of battles to significant architecture, from geographical features to an explanation of cultural rituals. Hopefully, this extensive list will be intriguing for any history buff or Ancient Rome enthusiast.   Battles  and Warfare Rome was imperialism personified, and the Romans kept blow by blow records of many of the important battles that sealed that definition. Many Roman battles and battle plans are still cited as ideals by recent military tacticians and teachers in military academies. ActiumBattle of CarrhaeBattle of Milvian BridgeBattle of PharsalusCatapultCohort  Gergovia BattleMacedonian WarsMorbihan Gulf BattleRubiconSeleucidsSocial WarVercingetorix Politics and Law Politics played a vital role in Roman society. The passion plays in the Senate and the struggles for power among generals, kings, and emperors provide us a great deal of historical precedent for our society today. Comitia CenturiataConstitutio Antoniniana (Edict of Caracalla)ConsulCuriaCurule AedileCursus HonorumEdict of CaracallaForumInterregnumOptimatesPax RomanaPlebiscitumPlebeiansPraetorsSenatorsTarpeian RockTetrarchyTribuneTriumvirate Architecture   Rome built some of the finest civic architecture, both as public displays but also as functional works, aqueducts and other structures still standing today.   AqueductsCloaca Maxima  ColosseumForumInsulaRegionariesTemplum Lifestyle   What do you know of these terms related to social mores and traditions, music, and foods of Roman society? A.D.  and B.C.AgonaliaBacchanalia  ConfarreatioCornucopiaFabula TogataFescenine VerseGarum (Roman Fish Sauce)HedonismJulian CalendarLudiLudi ApollinaresLudi FloralesPater Familias  PraetextataPrandiumSalutatioTogaTria Nomina Geography At its height, the Roman Empire stretched over much of Europe; do you know these points of geographic interest?   ​7 Hills of RomeAlba LongaAntonine WallAppian WayBoiiGallia /GaulHadrians WallHispaniaMt. VesuviusPraefecturesVesuvius Religion   Roman religion changed over the centuries, and it includes Roman gods and goddesses, but also the influence of religion, and religious specialists.   Abundantia  Fides  FlamenJulian the ApostateMaiaMonkNicene CreedPersecutionsPervigiliumPontifex MaximusPriapusRegiaRex Sacrificulus  Sibyl People Do you know who these important persons were to the history of the Roman Empire?   7 Kings of RomeAugustusCaligula  ClaudiusConstantineCurtius (Lacus Curtius)Historia AugustaJulius CaesarJustinianNero  Pontius PilateScaevolaScipionic Circle

Ortho, Meta, and Para in Organic Chemistry

European Exploration and Trade Free Essays

There was once a time in our history, before computerized maps and satellites and tracking programs. Sailors had to guide themselves by the stars and very basic and inaccurate maps. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Europe there was advancement in technology and learning that led to widespread exploration and trade among countries. We will write a custom essay sample on European Exploration and Trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now The introduction of the compass, advancements in cartography, the printing press, and other inventions led to increased trade and exploration throughout Europe. Before the fifteenth century, sailors often didn’t venture far from what they knew because maps were extremely inaccurate and weather was unpredictable. In the fourteenth century a style of maps, called portolon charts, were introduced. These were pictures of harbors, ports, cities, and coastlines inscribed on sheepskin. These maps were valuable to the merchant and traders between cities, but to the explorer changing continents they were basically useless. The compass was also a major improvement to previous methods. Before this invention, sailors used the stars to navigate and stay on their somewhat planned course. However, during the day they were at a loss. When the compass was invented, it allowed sailors to know their bearing all the time. People soon learned to notice and pay more attention to weather patterns while sailing. They discovered the trade winds among the seas and noted where they were in relation to each other and what their effects on shipping were. The winds caused either a faster and smoother trip or a longer and rougher voyage, depending on the direction of the ship and the wind involved. This was an advancement to previous methods because they now knew what to expect and prepare for instead of guessing or being surprised. They could also plan routes and try new routes. This led to a period of time called the Age of Sail. The printing press was one of the biggest and most important inventions of this time period. Before, literature and documents were scarce and not very common. After the printing press was introduced, literary works and various types of documents were more available to the common person. This encouraged people to become more educated because they now had the means to do it. The printing press also had an effect on cartography. Because maps had to be either inscribed or drawn, they were rare and not very public. After the printing press, maps were able to be duplicated and shared with other cartographers. In doing this, they could compare their maps with other peoples and create a newer and more accurate representation of the land and sea. This caused people to become more sure and trusting of these maps, making them venture out further than they had before, thus increasing trade. The design and size of ships were also changing during this time. The Europeans began to incorporate the methods of other countries, such as China, into their own shipbuilding process. One change was the multiple sails on the ship which allowed for better upwind travel. The all-in-one rudder was also a major improvement because it allowed for easier and faster steering and better control and stability of the keel. All in all, various changes and improvements occurred during this time. Inventions and improvements such as map making, compasses, understanding of weather patterns, and the printing press were all factors in the increase in exploration and trade in Europe. How to cite European Exploration and Trade, Essay examples

Islamic Finance in Australia Global Market

Question: Describe about the Islamic Finance in Australia for Global Market. Answer: Introduction Islamic Financial System has earned an excellent image in the global market due to its innovative products and services. The global Islamic finance market is estimated to grow up to US$ 2.6 trillion by the end of 2017. Hence, the demands for Islamic Financial products are increasing all across the globe (Mollah Zaman, 2015). Though Australia has a minimum Muslim population of 2 percent, the market has a real potential to expand into the Islamic Finance. Hence, the paper has been developed to conduct a theoretical analysis and market research to observe the possibilities of growth for Islamic Finance in the Australian market. Report Background The primary purpose of the report is to analyse the potentials for Islamic finance in the Australian market. The study has been conducted to examine the literature critically on Islamic finance and explain the role of Islamic corporate governance and Islamic financial products in the development of the financial market of Australia. Hence, the paper will present a critical evaluation of the financial services companies that operates in the Australian market under the Islamic corporate governance model and offers Islamic Financial products to the customers. It will help to analyse the demand for Islamic financial products and observe the potential to grow in the Australian market. The data has been collected through secondary sources such as articles, journals, books, company and government reports, and internet sources to conduct the literature review in the context of the whole world. On the other hand, a critical evaluation has been presented in context to the Australian market in the discussion and analysis section (Rini, 2014). The primary limitation of the research is the second handed information that can be minimised by conducting a research survey to increase the reliability and efficiency of the study. Literature review Through the identification of corporate governance models and Islamic corporate governance, the role of the Sharia committee has been presented to understand the existing status of global Islamic finance market. Corporate governance models The corporate governance structure of a country has played a massive part in determining significant factors such as the legal and regulatory framework including the rights and accountability of each element associated with it. Meanwhile, there are three identified corporate governance models such as the Anglo-US model, the Japanese model, and the German model that have been utilised to control the capital market structure in developed countries (Hashim, Mahadi, Amran, 2015). The Anglo-US Model: The Anglo-US model has been characterised by individual share ownership, a well-established legal framework determining the significant rights and accountabilities towards shareholders, organisational management and directors and the outside shareholders not associated with the organisation. The specific model has included three major players to manage the open market operations in the developed countries. Moreover, the share ownership pattern has got its influence on the organisation as an increase in ownership can result in the increase in the influence (Abu-Tapanjeh, 2009). On the basis of ownership increment, specific regulatory changes have been triggered to facilitate the corporate governance tactics. The Japanese Model: The Japanese model has been identified by a premium level of stock ownership by associated organisations and banking corporations. Also, substantial public policy, legal framework and industrial proposition have provided significant connection to the financial banking systems and the corporations to create a trading relationship among industrial groups (Alam Choudhury Nurul Alam, 2013). Such corporate governance model has got a central banking corporation at the centre stage and a financial network around the system namely keiretsu. Meanwhile, in Japanese model, the non-affiliated shareholders have got petite to say in the governance procedure. The German Model: The German model has been characterised by two distinct boards such as a management board and a supervisory board. Such two-tiered board framework has efficiently managed the financial management as well as regulatory control in the market. Also, the voting right restrictions in the German model have limited the ownership structure of the shareholders to a certain extent (Mahmood, 2015). In the German model, the regulatory framework has been controlled by significant federal laws such as Commercial Law, The Stock Corporation Law and Stick Exchange Law. Islamic corporate governance and the role of the Sharia Committee Islamic corporate governance has followed strict standards and regulatory framework so that significant value of transparency, fairness and responsibility towards the shareholders can be incorporated. By managing financial risks to a certain order, the fundamental objective of Islamic corporate governance is to increase the shareholders value. In order to develop sustainable corporate governance, The Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) has published the guiding principles for corporate business organisations to maintain highest IFSE standards (Bhatti Bhatti, 2009). By identifying the growing need for standardisation in the Islamic finance industry, the Islamic corporate governance structure has delivered efficient business standards incorporating business ethics, transparency and fair trading concepts among the financial institutes operating in the global market (Morrison, 2014). Understandably, the Sharia governance committee has played a crucial role in advising the Islamic financial institutions about the compliance of guiding principles (Ahmed, 2014). Thus, greater clarity has been achieved within the financial services in the Islamic corporate governance. The five specific elements of the Sharia committee such as general approach, competence, independence, confidentiality and consistency have mandated the operative procedure of the Islamic financial services (Casper, 2015). The Sharia Board has connected the Islamic financial governance to the IFSB standards so that the organisations can understand their liability and responsibility towards the shareholders (Bhatti Bhatti, 2010). Moreover, the compliance of the Sharia Board has addressed significant issues associated with the financial governance securing transparency. Discussion and analysis Islamic corporate governance in Australia Governance is term that relates the government with its constituents. Therefore, corporate governance refers to the corporation and its constituents. It is important to understand who the constituents of a corporation are. Islamic corporate governance differs from that of corporate governance of conventional financial institutions. Islamic corporate governance mainly focuses on building a good relationship with entrepreneurs exploring for growth of businesses. The Islamic Financial institutions do not offer money in forms of debts, but believes in investing in potential projects in return of profit (Sukardi, 2013). The foremost difference is the risk level involved for the depositors of Islamic Banks when the bank invests on different projects. Hence, it can be seen that Banks or financial institutions opting for Islamic Financial products must be aware of the facts of high risk exposure that they tends to provide to the regular customers. Along with that, there is a need of proper a pproval of the Australian government before offering Islamic financial products in the Australian market. One of the major examples of Islamic bank in Australia is the MCCA Islamic Finance and Investment (Australia). The company started its business in the year 1989 as a registered corporation in Melbourne with $20,000. MCCA started its business with a vision to meet the investment, banking and financial needs of the Muslims living in Australia (Wijethunga Ekanayake, 2015). It offers all sorts of Islamic Financial products and has facilitated around $1 billion in home finance. Along with that, the financial institution also manages around $50 million in investment. Hence, it can be seen that Islamic Corporate has good opportunity to grow in the Australian market with upcoming projects available in the future. Islamic financial products in Australia Different Islamic Financial products can be offered by the Australian Banks to improve their positioning in the market. The Islamic Financial Products that can be offered by the Australian banks are discussed herein below: Products based on Profit and Loss sharing: In place of providing loan in return of interest, the Australian Banks can offer investment on basis of profit and losses. It will reduce the risk of the entrepreneurs and ensure the banks a higher rate of return. Furthermore, the entrepreneurs will get technical assistance of the banks and it will develop a good relationship with the customers (Zain, Zulkarnain, Hassan, 2015). Two different products can be offered namely Mudaraba Products that involves sharing of only profit and the second is Musharaka that is a termed used for joint ventures. Products based on investing financing: Product based financing is used to earn fees by purchasing properties and selling them to a buyer who pays the price of the property in small instalments. In return of the investment, the financial institutions earn a good amount of fees. The ownership of the property is not transferred to the buyer unless he pays the full amount. Alternative to Bonds: Another product is known as Sukuk that is a type of Islamic bond in which the investors are entitled with an ownership of a tangible asset, project, business, joint venture and service. It is important that every asset must be in compliance with the Sharia regulations (Srairi, 2015). Conclusion and recommendation The significant research on corporate governance models and the Islamic governance framework have provided the broader concept of corporate social responsibility among the financial services. Moreover, the IFSB standards and principle guidelines have incorporated significant strengths to the organisations operating in the Islamic finance industry proving transparency and fairness policy in business operations. Along with that, the Sharia Board has delivered ethical and moral standardisation among the Islamic corporate governance prohibiting any illegal business activities. Meanwhile, the existing Islamic corporate governance in Australia and the Islamic financial product discussion have pointed out the massive opportunities in the Australian market. Evidently, some of the fundamental recommendations have been included at the end of the paper to improve the current scenario. Improve the current set of the Regulatory framework: Through the identification of indifferent risks associated with the financial industry such as liquidity risk, transparency risk, fiduciary risks and legal risks, the efficient regulatory framework must be promoted to the Islamic financial services. The regulatory framework must upgrade licensing, liquidity rules and capital structure of the financial organisations so that the Islamic banking structure and system can provide efficient services in the developed as well as emerging nations. Strengthening supervision: By the help of the Sharia Board and IFSB standards, the Islamic financial governance structure has found solidity. 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